Health facilities in Syria are systematically targeted, on a scale unprecedented in modern history.
Executive summary
WITH THE TARGETING OF OUR HOSPITALS, I DON’T THINK ANYTHING CAN PROTECT OUR MEDICAL STAFF EXCEPT BEING UNDERGROUND.
Health facilities in Syria are systematically targeted on a scale unprecedented in modern history.
There have been over 454 attacks on hospitals in the last six years, with 91% of the attacks perpetrated by the Assad government and Russia. During the last six months of 2016, the rate of attacks on healthcare increased dramatically. Most recently, in April 2017 alone, there were 25 attacks on medical facilities, or one attack every 29 hours.
While the international community fails to protect Syrian medics from systematic aerial attacks on their hospitals, Syrians have developed an entire underground system to help protect patients and medical colleagues as best they can. The fortification of medical facilities is now considered a standard practice in Syria. Field hospitals have been driven underground, into basements, fortified with sandbags and cement walls, and into caves. These facilities have saved the lives of countless health workers and patients, preserved critical donor-funded equipment, and helped prevent displacement by providing communities with emergency care. However, while Syrian medics have adapted their operations to fit these unique horrors, international donor governments have not adapted their funding.
Donors often see the reinforcement and building of underground medical facilities exclusively as long-term aid, or development work. However, as the Syria crisis is classified as a protracted emergency conflict, medical organizations do not currently have access to such long-term funds.
Budget lines for the emergency funding they receive can include “protection” work, but infrastructure building, even for protective purposes, often falls outside of their mandate. The divide between emergency humanitarian and development funding is creating a gap for projects that bridge the two, like protective measures for hospitals in Syria. Medics are paying the price.
IT COSTS LESS OVER TIME AND IS MOST EFFECTIVE TO BUILD UNDERGROUND HOSPITALS.
This report explores the following findings:
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Underground hospitals are much, much safer.
They are proven to protect medical staff compared to above-ground facilities - while at least 814 health workers have been killed in Syria since the beginning of the conflict, no health workers have been directly killed from an attack while working in a fully underground hospital.
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This is the #1 donor demand of Syrian health workers.
Funds for fortified and underground hospitals are the number one protection recommendation coming from the Turkey-based ‘Health Cluster’ serving Syria, comprised of all major medical groups operating in Syria.
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Three major models of underground hospitals have been developed.
Syrian engineers and medics have developed three major models of underground hospitals - basement hospitals, cave hospitals, and fully underground hospitals.
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The need is immense.
50% of hospitals in opposition-held Syria have no measure of reinforcement or fortification, showing the scope of need.
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Protection is cost-effective.
The Idlib governorate is a priority area for fortification, especially as attacks using advanced weapons like bunker buster bombs and chemical weapons escalate. It costs only $719,000 to re-fortify all of the existing priority facilities identified in Idlib.